Chapter 8, 9 and 10
Instructor Kelly Parker
Chapter 8 Printmaking
Printmaking – a variety of techniques developed to create multiple copies of a single image.
Four basic printmaking methods – Relief, intaglio, lithography, screenprinting
Relief – inks lays on the surface. The printmaker cuts away all parts of the print surface not meant to carry ink, leaving the design to be printed “in relief”. Relief processes include woodcut or woodblock, wood engraving, or linocut or linoleum cut. Some examples of relief prints are fingerprints, rubber stamps, or tire marks.
- Woodcut – traditionally black and white designs cut into a soft wood along the grain. Color can be printed with single or multiple blocks and each color has its own block of wood and is registered to line up in the exact place on each print. Wood grain can be seen and it is difficult to work against the grain.
- Wood engravings are done on the “ends” of a block of wood. A block is glued together and then the ends are sanded and engraved for printmaking.
- Linoleum cuts – is modern in development and artists start with a rubbery, synthetic surface of linoleum and take out areas that are not intended to be inked. There is no grain on linoleum and it can be cut with ease in any direction.
Intaglio – is opposite of relief – areas below the surface hold the ink for printing. The image to be printed is cut or scratched into a metal surface with steel tools or etched into the surface by acid. Damp paper is then placed under a roller and a print is created from the pressure leaving a characteristic plate mark around the print. Cooper plates are traditionally used by zinc, steel, aluminum and plexi-glas are used.
-Engraving – lines are cut into a polished surface of the plate with burin or engraving tool. The burin is pushed into the metal to create a groove to hold the ink.
- Drypoint – using a thin pointed tool with a steel tip the artist digs lines into a soft cooper or zinc plate leaving a burr or rough edge. The burr catches the ink and leaves a slightly blurred line.
-Etching – begins with a metal plate with a ground. The ground is a protective coating of acid resistant material covering the plate. The artist then draws easily through the ground with a pointed tool exposing the metal. The plate is then immersed in acid making a groove for the ink.
Lithography – the artist draws the litho crayon, litho pencil or tusche (a greasy liquid) on a flat limestone surface. The image is then treated and fixed on the stone then dampened with water covered with paper and run through a press transferring the image to paper.
Screen printing – also known as stencil printing. For this process, the artist adheres a stencil to a screen made of silk stretched across a frame and with a rubber squeegee tool the ink is then pressed through the fabric onto the ground.
Monoprint - a one of a kind print achieved by applying colored inks to a smooth surface and then transferring that image to paper. The earliest monoprints date back to the 1600's. Many famous artists including Gaugin, Rembrandt, and Degas experimented with monoprint techniques.
What is the difference between a fine art print and a reproduction? A fine art print is a "multiple original." Usually within the confines of a limited edition, the artist conceives and executes his work specifically in the context of one or more hand-produced techniques such as etching, woodcut, silk screen, lino cut, etc. Each of the works are created either by the artist or under his direct supervision by a master printmaker. Each are considered "original" and signed by the artist. A "reproduction", on the other hand, is photo-mechanically reproduced, and not created by the artist. There is generally an unlimited production of these prints usually called posters, and they have little monetary value, in most cases.
Chapter 9 Camera Arts and Digital Imaging
History of Photography - We owe the name "Photography" to Sir John Herschel, who first used the term in 1839, the year the photographic process became public. The innovations which would lead to the development of photography existed long before the first photograph. The camera obscura had been in existence for at least four hundred years, but its use was limited to its purpose as an aid to drawing. It was discovered that if a room was completely darkened, with a single hole in one wall, an inverted image would be seen on the opposite wall. A person inside of the room could then trace this image, which was upside-down. The earliest record of the uses of a camera obscura is found in the writings of Leonardo da Vinci, who may have used it to understanding perspective. In the 17th and 18th centuries, a table-top model was developed. By adding a focused lens and a mirror, it was possible for a person outside of the box to trace the image which was reflected through it.
It was a French man, Nicephore Niepce (pronounced Nee-ps) who produced the first photograph in 1827. By using chemicals on a metal plate, placed inside of a camera obscura, he was able to record an obscure image of the view outside of his window. He called his process "heliography".
Photography –
Daguerre – a painter who perfected the camera. The camera was seen by landscape and portrait painters as a threat to their livelihood.
- Daguerreotype – early photographic process which required a metal plate exposed to light and chemical reaction to create a photo.
Drawbacks -
length of the exposure time ruled out portraiture
the image was laterally reversed
image was very fragile
was a "once only" system because it was fixed to metal
Photography as art –
Alfred Stieglitz, American crusader for art photography movement.
Camera is a vehicle for
- personal expression
- symbolic communication
- eye-catching compositions
Photography as a document of the times - Lewis Hine - photographed children working in factories, on railroads, and other dangerous working environments bringing greater awareness to the problem of child labor
Dorothea Lange - commissioned to create a portfolio of photographs documenting the migrant farm workers in California.
Margaret Bourke-White
Eadweard Muybridge - greatest pioneers of motion photography (the horse)
Chapter 10 Graphic Design and Illustration
The main function of graphic design is to communicate messages in printed and visual forms (television, product packaging, exhibitions, and computer graphics) that identify, inform, and persuade. To be most effective, graphic design must catch the attention of the viewer while communicating a specific message. It is an art form, but one with a commercial and mass marketing appeal, allowing the art to become highly accessible to a wide ranging audience. One of the main common forms of graphic design is advertising.
Intaglio – is opposite of relief – areas below the surface hold the ink for printing. The image to be printed is cut or scratched into a metal surface with steel tools or etched into the surface by acid. Damp paper is then placed under a roller and a print is created from the pressure leaving a characteristic plate mark around the print. Cooper plates are traditionally used by zinc, steel, aluminum and plexi-glas are used.
-Engraving – lines are cut into a polished surface of the plate with burin or engraving tool. The burin is pushed into the metal to create a groove to hold the ink.
- Drypoint – using a thin pointed tool with a steel tip the artist digs lines into a soft cooper or zinc plate leaving a burr or rough edge. The burr catches the ink and leaves a slightly blurred line.
-Etching – begins with a metal plate with a ground. The ground is a protective coating of acid resistant material covering the plate. The artist then draws easily through the ground with a pointed tool exposing the metal. The plate is then immersed in acid making a groove for the ink.
Lithography – the artist draws the litho crayon, litho pencil or tusche (a greasy liquid) on a flat limestone surface. The image is then treated and fixed on the stone then dampened with water covered with paper and run through a press transferring the image to paper.
Screen printing – also known as stencil printing. For this process, the artist adheres a stencil to a screen made of silk stretched across a frame and with a rubber squeegee tool the ink is then pressed through the fabric onto the ground.
Monoprint - a one of a kind print achieved by applying colored inks to a smooth surface and then transferring that image to paper. The earliest monoprints date back to the 1600's. Many famous artists including Gaugin, Rembrandt, and Degas experimented with monoprint techniques.
What is the difference between a fine art print and a reproduction? A fine art print is a "multiple original." Usually within the confines of a limited edition, the artist conceives and executes his work specifically in the context of one or more hand-produced techniques such as etching, woodcut, silk screen, lino cut, etc. Each of the works are created either by the artist or under his direct supervision by a master printmaker. Each are considered "original" and signed by the artist. A "reproduction", on the other hand, is photo-mechanically reproduced, and not created by the artist. There is generally an unlimited production of these prints usually called posters, and they have little monetary value, in most cases.
Chapter 9 Camera Arts and Digital Imaging
History of Photography - We owe the name "Photography" to Sir John Herschel, who first used the term in 1839, the year the photographic process became public. The innovations which would lead to the development of photography existed long before the first photograph. The camera obscura had been in existence for at least four hundred years, but its use was limited to its purpose as an aid to drawing. It was discovered that if a room was completely darkened, with a single hole in one wall, an inverted image would be seen on the opposite wall. A person inside of the room could then trace this image, which was upside-down. The earliest record of the uses of a camera obscura is found in the writings of Leonardo da Vinci, who may have used it to understanding perspective. In the 17th and 18th centuries, a table-top model was developed. By adding a focused lens and a mirror, it was possible for a person outside of the box to trace the image which was reflected through it.
It was a French man, Nicephore Niepce (pronounced Nee-ps) who produced the first photograph in 1827. By using chemicals on a metal plate, placed inside of a camera obscura, he was able to record an obscure image of the view outside of his window. He called his process "heliography".
Photography –
Daguerre – a painter who perfected the camera. The camera was seen by landscape and portrait painters as a threat to their livelihood.
- Daguerreotype – early photographic process which required a metal plate exposed to light and chemical reaction to create a photo.
Drawbacks -
length of the exposure time ruled out portraiture
the image was laterally reversed
image was very fragile
was a "once only" system because it was fixed to metal
Photography as art –
Alfred Stieglitz, American crusader for art photography movement.
Camera is a vehicle for
- personal expression
- symbolic communication
- eye-catching compositions
Photography as a document of the times - Lewis Hine - photographed children working in factories, on railroads, and other dangerous working environments bringing greater awareness to the problem of child labor
Dorothea Lange - commissioned to create a portfolio of photographs documenting the migrant farm workers in California.
Margaret Bourke-White
Eadweard Muybridge - greatest pioneers of motion photography (the horse)
Chapter 10 Graphic Design and Illustration
The main function of graphic design is to communicate messages in printed and visual forms (television, product packaging, exhibitions, and computer graphics) that identify, inform, and persuade. To be most effective, graphic design must catch the attention of the viewer while communicating a specific message. It is an art form, but one with a commercial and mass marketing appeal, allowing the art to become highly accessible to a wide ranging audience. One of the main common forms of graphic design is advertising.
Administration - From road signs to technical schematics, from interoffice memorandums to reference manuals, graphic design enhances transfer of knowledge. Readability is enhanced by improving the visual presentation of text. Intricate and clever pictures are used when words cannot suffice.
Advertising
Graphic designs have a unique ability to sell a product or idea through effective visual communications. It is applied to products as well as elements of company identity like logos, colors, and text, together defined as branding. Branding has increasingly become important in the range of services offered by many graphic designers, alongside corporate identity and the terms are often used interchangeably.
Entertainment
From decoration, to scenery, to visual story telling, graphic design is applied to entertainment. From cover to cover in novels and comic books, from opening credits to closing credits in film, from programs to props on stage, graphic design helps set the theme and the intended mood.
Education
Graphics are used in textbooks for subjects such as geography, science, and math to illustrate theories and diagrams. A common example of graphics in use to educate is diagrams of human anatomy. Graphic design is applied to layout and formatting of educational material to make the information more accessible and more readily understandable.
Journalism
From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information - known as information design. Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and film documentaries may use graphic design to inform and entertain. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools such as Adobe Flash are increasingly being used to illustrate the background to news stories.
Web
Graphic designers are often involved in web design. Combining visual communication skills with the interactive communication skills of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with web developers to create both the look and feel of a web site and enhance the online experience of web site visitors.
Typography – Display typography encompasses: posters; book covers; typographic logos and word marks; billboards; packaging; on-product typography; calligraphy; graffiti; inscriptional and architectural lettering; poster design and other large scale lettering signage; business communications and promotional collateral; advertising; and kinetic typography in motion pictures and television; vending machine displays; online and computer screen displays.
Illustration – An illustration is a visualization such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate textual information such as a story, poem or newspaper article by providing a visual representation.
The earliest forms of illustration were prehistoric cave paintings. Before the invention of the printing press, illuminated manuscripts were hand-illustrated. Illustration has been used in China and Japan since the 8th century, traditionally by creating woodcuts to accompany writing.
Illustrations can:
- give faces to characters in a story;
- display examples of an item described in an academic textbook
- visualize step-wise sets of instructions in a technical manual;
- communicate subtle thematic tone in a narrative;
- link brands to the ideas of human expression, individuality and creativity;
- inspire the viewer to feel emotion to expand on the linguistic aspects of the narrative.
Advertising
Graphic designs have a unique ability to sell a product or idea through effective visual communications. It is applied to products as well as elements of company identity like logos, colors, and text, together defined as branding. Branding has increasingly become important in the range of services offered by many graphic designers, alongside corporate identity and the terms are often used interchangeably.
Entertainment
From decoration, to scenery, to visual story telling, graphic design is applied to entertainment. From cover to cover in novels and comic books, from opening credits to closing credits in film, from programs to props on stage, graphic design helps set the theme and the intended mood.
Education
Graphics are used in textbooks for subjects such as geography, science, and math to illustrate theories and diagrams. A common example of graphics in use to educate is diagrams of human anatomy. Graphic design is applied to layout and formatting of educational material to make the information more accessible and more readily understandable.
Journalism
From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information - known as information design. Newspapers, magazines, blogs, television and film documentaries may use graphic design to inform and entertain. With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools such as Adobe Flash are increasingly being used to illustrate the background to news stories.
Web
Graphic designers are often involved in web design. Combining visual communication skills with the interactive communication skills of user interaction and online branding, graphic designers often work with web developers to create both the look and feel of a web site and enhance the online experience of web site visitors.
Typography – Display typography encompasses: posters; book covers; typographic logos and word marks; billboards; packaging; on-product typography; calligraphy; graffiti; inscriptional and architectural lettering; poster design and other large scale lettering signage; business communications and promotional collateral; advertising; and kinetic typography in motion pictures and television; vending machine displays; online and computer screen displays.
Illustration – An illustration is a visualization such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate textual information such as a story, poem or newspaper article by providing a visual representation.
The earliest forms of illustration were prehistoric cave paintings. Before the invention of the printing press, illuminated manuscripts were hand-illustrated. Illustration has been used in China and Japan since the 8th century, traditionally by creating woodcuts to accompany writing.
Illustrations can:
- give faces to characters in a story;
- display examples of an item described in an academic textbook
- visualize step-wise sets of instructions in a technical manual;
- communicate subtle thematic tone in a narrative;
- link brands to the ideas of human expression, individuality and creativity;
- inspire the viewer to feel emotion to expand on the linguistic aspects of the narrative.
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