Chap 6 Drawing and Chap 7 Painting notes

Art 211 Art Appreciation
Chapter 6 notes - Drawing

Purposes of Drawing – pg 105
- as a notation, sketch or record of something seen, remembered, or imagined

- as a study or preparation fir another usually larger and more complex work of art such as a sculpture, a building, a film, a painting or another drawing.

- as an end in itself as a completed drawing or work of art.

- Cartoon – a narrative drawing emphasizing humor or satire

Types of Hatching –
- Hatching – built up parallel lines
- Cross-hatching – lines going in two directions
- Contour hatching – parallel lines giving the feeling of sculptural mass

Contour drawing – surrounds the edge of a form, distinguishing one area from another while limiting the form, as the line appearing in a coloring book does. An outline defines a two-dimensional shape. Contour lines are interior and exterior boundaries (edges) of an implied three-dimensional form.

Blind contour drawing - a method of drawing, which presents itself as an effective training aid. The student, fixing their eyes on the outline of the model or object, draws the contour very slowly in a steady, continuous line without lifting the pencil or looking at the paper.

Gesture drawing - a way to "see", a technique of drawing, an exercise, a defined "scribble", and a finished style. Basically, it is a method of training hands to quickly sketch what the brain has already seen. Staying "focused" means sustained concentration.

Medium – the physical substance used by any visual artist such as marble, oil paint, ink, charcoal, etc

Dry Media –
- Pencil – graphic or colored pencils
Darkness and line quality are determined by both the hardness of the pencil and by the texture of the drawing surface. Paper that has tooth (surface grain) receives pencil marks more easily than paper that is smooth. Pencil lines can vary in width or length and be broad or fine.

- Charcoal – produces a wide range of light to dark values from soft grays to deep blacks. Charcoal is good for quick sketches and finished drawings but need to be sprayed with a fixative to help prevent smudges.

- Conte crayon – semi-hard chalk with an oil binder that adheres to smooth papers. It can produce many varied lines to broad strokes that are fairly resistant to smudging.

- Pastel – can be blended with fingers or a paper stump that produces a soft blur of color.

Liquid Media –
- Ink – most common drawing liquid used with a brush. Creates expressive flowing lines and is ideal for calligraphic lines.
- Markers – are used in traditional pen-and-ink media.

All drawing media are based on pigment, the powdered color material. The difference between chalk and crayon, or oil and chalk pastels, is the binder, the substance that holds the pigment together. One is greasy and adheres more easily, making blending more difficult. Pastels, using a nonfat binder, are considered borderline between painting & drawing, as they blend easily. Crayon usually refers to Conté crayon. Artists continue to develop new drawing materials, such as felt-tip markers, ballpoint pens, and a combination of mixed media.

Chapter 7 notes - Painting

Paints consist of 3 components –
- pigment - which is the color derived from plants, animals, and minerals and synthetics
- binder or medium - mixes with the pigment to hold the pigment together and to the painting surface. With oils, linseed oil is the binder
- vehicle – spreads the pigment. With oils turpentine or an equivalent is the vehicle.

Fresco or Buon Fresco – pigments are suspended in water and applied to a damp plaster surface.

Encaustic – a technique using melted beeswax as the vehicle for painting

Tempera –
- Egg tempera was used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans and was highly developed in the Middle Ages. The binder in egg tempera is egg yolk and has a luminous slightly matte surface when dry. Painted on a ground of white gesso the colors produced are clean and brilliant in quality. Dries quickly,

Oil paints – can be applied thickly or thinly, wet into wet, or wet onto dry. Increased opacity which covers better and when thinned is transparent are qualities of oil paint along with a slow drying time which can be use to the artists advantage when mixing or blending colors. Oil paint can be applied over acrylic, but acrylic cannot be applied over oil paint because of the drying time. Oil paint dries much slower than acrylic.

Acrylic – synthetic painting media are fast drying and flexible can be applied to almost any surface. Acrylic can be thinned with water but are water resistant. A synthetic paint that was developed in the middle of the twentieth century.

Watercolor –
- Pigments are suspended in water and gum arabic to absorbent cotton paper. Watercolor is basically a staining technique applied in thin translucent washes that allow light to pass through the layers of color reflecting back from the white of the paper.

Matte – not shiny
Gesso – chalk or plaster and glue that is applied to a support as a ground for tempera and oil paintings
Support – wood panels, canvas, linen, rag paper, etc
Glaze – thinned pigment
Impasto – thickly applied paint
Art in the World